Arbeitsblatt: ROBINSON CRUSOE

Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe Published: 1719 Categorie(s): Fiction, Action Adventure Source: Wikisource About Defoe: Daniel Defoe was an English writer, journalist and spy, who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe. Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest practitioners of the novel and helped popularize the genre in Britain. In some texts he is even referred to as one of the founders, if not the founder, of the English novel. prolific and versatile writer, he wrote over five hundred books, pamphlets, and journals on various topics (including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology and the supernatural). He was also pioneer of economic journalism. Source: Wikipedia Also available on Feedbooks Defoe: Moll Flanders (1722) The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719) The Life, Adventures Piracies of the Famous Captain Singleton (1720) Note: This book is brought to you by Feedbooks Strictly for personal use, do not use this file for commercial purposes. Chapter 1 Start in Life was born in the year 1632, in the city of York, of good family, though not of that country, my father being foreigner of Bremen, who settled first at Hull. He got good estate by merchandise, and leaving off his trade, lived afterwards at York, from whence he had married my mother, whose relations were named Robinson, very good family in that country, and from whom was called Robinson Kreutznaer; but, by the usual corruption of words in England, we are now called nay we call ourselves and write our name Crusoe; and so my companions always called me. had two elder brothers, one of whom was lieutenant-colonel to an English regiment of foot in Flanders, formerly commanded by the famous Colonel Lockhart, and was killed at the battle near Dunkirk against the Spaniards. What became of my second brother never knew, any more than my father or mother knew what became of me. Being the third son of the family and not bred to any trade, my head began to be filled very early with rambling thoughts. My father, who was very ancient, had given me competent share of learning, as far as houseeducation and country free school generally go, and designed me for the law; but would be satisfied with nothing but going to sea; and my inclination to this led me so strongly against the will, nay, the commands of my father, and against all the entreaties and persuasions of my mother and other friends, that there seemed to be something fatal in that propensity of nature, tending directly to the life of misery which was to befall me. My father, wise and grave man, gave me serious and excellent counsel against what he foresaw was my design. He called me one morning into his chamber, where he was confined by the gout, and expostulated very warmly with me upon this subject. He asked me what reasons, more than mere wandering inclination, had for leaving father house and my native country, where might be well introduced, and had prospect of raising my fortune by application and industry, with life of ease and pleasure. He told me it was men of desperate fortunes on one hand, or of aspiring, superior fortunes on the other, who went abroad upon adventures, to rise by enterprise, and make themselves famous in undertakings of nature out of the common road; that these things were all either too far above me or too far below me; that mine was the middle state, or what might be called the upper station of low life, which he had found, by long experience, was the best state in the world, the most suited to human happiness, not exposed to the miseries and hardships, the labour and sufferings of the mechanic part of mankind, and not embarrassed with the pride, luxury, ambition, and envy of the upper part of mankind. He told me might judge of the happiness of this state by this one thing viz. that this was the state of life which all other people envied; that kings have frequently lamented the miserable consequence of being born to great things, and wished they had been placed in the middle of the two extremes, between the mean and the great; that the wise man gave his testimony to this, as the standard of felicity, when he prayed to have neither poverty nor riches. He bade me observe it, and should always find that the calamities of life were shared among the upper and lower part of mankind, but that the middle station had the fewest disasters, and was not exposed to so many vicissitudes as the higher or lower part of mankind; nay, they were not subjected to so many distempers and uneasinesses, either of body or mind, as those were who, by vicious living, luxury, and extravagances on the one hand, or by hard labour, want of necessaries, and mean or insufficient diet on the other hand, bring distemper upon themselves by the natural consequences of their way of living; that the middle station of life was calculated for all kind of virtue and all kind of enjoyments; that peace and plenty were the handmaids of middle fortune; that temperance, moderation, quietness, health, society, all agreeable diversions, and all desirable pleasures, were the blessings attending the middle station of life; that this way men went silently and smoothly through the world, and comfortably out of it, not embarrassed with the labours of the hands or of the head, not sold to life of slavery for daily bread, nor harassed with perplexed circumstances, which rob the soul of peace and the body of rest, nor enraged with the passion of envy, or the secret burning lust of ambition for great things; but, in easy circumstances, sliding gently through the world, and sensibly tasting the sweets of living, without the bitter; feeling that they are happy, and learning by every day experience to know it more sensibly. After this he pressed me earnestly, and in the most affectionate manner, not to play the young man, nor to precipitate myself into miseries which nature, and the station of life was born in, seemed to have provided against; that was under no necessity of seeking my bread; that he would do well for me, and endeavour to enter me fairly into the station of life which he had just been recommending to me; and that if was not very easy and happy in the world, it must be my mere fate or fault that must hinder it; and that he should have nothing to answer for, having thus discharged his duty in warning me against measures which he knew would be to my hurt; in word, that as he would do very kind things for me if would stay and settle at home as he directed, so he would not have so much hand in my misfortunes as to give me any encouragement to go away; and to close all, he told me had my elder brother for an example, to whom he had used the same earnest persuasions to keep him from going into the Low Country wars, but could not prevail, his young desires prompting him to run into the army, where he was killed; and though he said he would not cease to pray for me, yet he would venture to say to me, that if did take this foolish step, God would not bless me, and should have leisure hereafter to reflect upon having neglected his counsel when there might be none to assist in my recovery. observed in this last part of his discourse, which was truly prophetic, though suppose my father did not know it to be so himself I say, observed the tears run down his face very plentifully, especially when he spoke of my brother who was killed: and that when he spoke of my having leisure to repent, and none to assist me, he was so moved that he broke off the discourse, and told me his heart was so full he could say no more to me. was sincerely affected with this discourse, and, indeed, who could be otherwise? and resolved not to think of going abroad any more, but to settle at home according to my father desire. But alas! few days wore it all off; and, in short, to prevent any of my father further importunities, in few weeks after resolved to run quite away from him. However, did not act quite so hastily as the first heat of my resolution prompted; but took my mother at time when thought her little more pleasant than ordinary, and told her that my thoughts were so entirely bent upon seeing the world that should never settle to anything with resolution enough to go through with it, and my father had better give me his consent than force me to go without it; that was now eighteen years old, which was too late to go apprentice to trade or clerk to an attorney; that was sure if did should never serve out my time, but should certainly run away from my master before my time was out, and go to sea; and if she would speak to my father to let me go one voyage abroad, if came home again, and did not like it, would go no more; and would promise, by double diligence, to recover the time that had lost. This put my mother into great passion; she told me she knew it would be to no purpose to speak to my father upon any such subject; that he knew too well what was my interest to give his consent to anything so much for my hurt; and that she wondered how could think of any such thing after the discourse had had with my father, and such kind and tender expressions as she knew my father had used to me; and that, in short, if would ruin myself, there was no help for me; but might depend should never have their consent to it; that for her part she would not have so much hand in my destruction; and should never have it to say that my mother was willing when my father was not. Though my mother refused to move it to my father, yet heard afterwards that she reported all the discourse to him, and that my father, after showing great concern at it, said to her, with sigh, That boy might be happy if he would stay at home; but if he goes abroad, he will be the most miserable wretch that ever was born: can give no consent to it. It was not till almost year after this that broke loose, though, in the meantime, continued obstinately deaf to all proposals of settling to business, and frequently expostulated with my father and mother about their being so positively determined against what they knew my inclinations prompted me to. But being one day at Hull, where went casually, and without any purpose of making an elopement at that time; but, say, being there, and one of my companions being about to sail to London in his father ship, and prompting me to go with them with the common allurement of seafaring men, that it should cost me nothing for my passage, consulted neither father nor mother any more, nor so much as sent them word of it; but leaving them to hear of it as they might, without asking God blessing or my father, without any consideration of circumstances or consequences, and in an ill hour, God knows, on the 1st of September 1651, went on board ship bound for London. Never any young adventurer misfortunes, believe, began sooner, or continued longer than mine. The ship was no sooner out of the Humber than the wind began to blow and the sea to rise in most frightful manner; and, as had never been at sea before, was most inexpressibly sick in body and terrified in mind. began now seriously to reflect upon what had done, and how justly was overtaken by the judgment of Heaven for my wicked leaving my father house, and abandoning my duty. All the good counsels of my parents, my father tears and my mother entreaties, came now fresh into my mind; and my conscience, which was not yet come to the pitch of hardness to which it has since, reproached me with the contempt of advice, and the breach of my duty to God and my father. All this while the storm increased, and the sea went very high, though nothing like what have seen many times since; no, nor what saw few days after; but it was enough to affect me then, who was but young sailor, and had never known anything of the matter. expected every wave would have swallowed us up, and that every time the ship fell down, as thought it did, in the trough or hollow of the sea, we should never rise more; in this agony of mind, made many vows and resolutions that if it would please God to spare my life in this one voyage, if ever got once my foot upon dry land again, would go directly home to my father, and never set it into ship again while lived; that would take his advice, and never run myself into such miseries as these any more. Now saw plainly the goodness of his observations about the middle station of life, how easy, how comfortably he had lived all his days, and never had been exposed to tempests at sea or troubles on shore; and resolved that would, like true repenting prodigal, go home to my father. These wise and sober thoughts continued all the while the storm lasted, and indeed some time after; but the next day the wind was abated, and the sea calmer, and began to be little inured to it; however, was very grave for all that day, being also little sea-sick still; but towards night the weather cleared up, the wind was quite over, and charming fine evening followed; the sun went down perfectly clear, and rose so the next morning; and having little or no wind, and smooth sea, the sun shining upon it, the sight was, as thought, the most delightful that ever saw. had slept well in the night, and was now no more sea-sick, but very cheerful, looking with wonder upon the sea that was so rough and terrible the day before, and could be so calm and so pleasant in so little time after. And now, lest my good resolutions should continue, my companion, who had enticed me away, comes to me; Well, Bob, says he, clapping me upon the shoulder, how do you do after it? warrant you were frighted, wernt you, last night, when it blew but capful of wind? capful dyou call it? said I; twas terrible storm. storm, you fool you, replies he; do you call that storm? why, it was nothing at all; give us but good ship and searoom, and we think nothing of such squall of wind as that; but youre but fresh-water sailor, Bob. Come, let us make bowl of punch, and well forget all that; dye see what charming weather tis now? To make short this sad part of my story, we went the way of all sailors; the punch was made and was made half drunk with it: and in that one night wickedness drowned all my repentance, all my reflections upon my past conduct, all my resolutions for the future. In word, as the sea was returned to its smoothness of surface and settled calmness by the abatement of that storm, so the hurry of my thoughts being over, my fears and apprehensions of being swallowed up by the sea being forgotten, and the current of my former desires returned, entirely forgot the vows and promises that made in my distress. found, indeed, some intervals of reflection; and the serious thoughts did, as it were, endeavour to return again sometimes; but shook them off, and roused myself from them as it were from distemper, and applying myself to drinking and company, soon mastered the return of those fits for so called them; and had in five or six days got as complete victory over conscience as any young fellow that resolved not to be troubled with it could desire. But was to have another trial for it still; and Providence, as in such cases generally it does, resolved to leave me entirely without excuse; for if would not take this for deliverance, the next was to be such one as the worst and most hardened wretch among us would confess both the danger and the mercy of. The sixth day of our being at sea we came into Yarmouth Roads; the wind having been contrary and the weather calm, we had made but little way since the storm. Here we were obliged to come to an anchor, and here we lay, the wind continuing contrary viz. at south-west for seven or eight days, during which time great many ships from Newcastle came into the same Roads, as the common harbour where the ships might wait for wind for the river. We had not, however, rid here so long but we should have tided it up the river, but that the wind blew too fresh, and after we had lain four or five days, blew very hard. However, the Roads being reckoned as good as harbour, the anchorage good, and our ground- tackle very strong, our men were unconcerned, and not in the least apprehensive of danger, but spent the time in rest and mirth, after the manner of the sea; but the eighth day, in the morning, the wind increased, and we had all hands at work to strike our topmasts, and make everything snug and close, that the ship might ride as easy as possible. By noon the sea went very high indeed, and our ship rode forecastle in, shipped several seas, and we thought once or twice our anchor had come home; upon which our master ordered out the sheet-anchor, so that we rode with two anchors ahead, and the cables veered out to the bitter end. By this time it blew terrible storm indeed; and now began to see terror and amazement in the faces even of the seamen themselves. The master, though vigilant in the business of preserving the ship, yet as he went in and out of his cabin by me, could hear him softly to himself say, several times, Lord be merciful to us! we shall be all lost! we shall be all undone! and the like. During these first hurries was stupid, lying still in my cabin, which was in the steerage, and cannot describe my temper: could ill resume the first penitence which had so apparently trampled upon and hardened myself against: thought the bitterness of death had been past, and that this would be nothing like the first; but when the master himself came by me, as said just now, and said we should be all lost, was dreadfully frighted. got up out of my cabin and looked out; but such dismal sight never saw: the sea ran mountains high, and broke upon us every three or four minutes; when could look about, could see nothing but distress round us; two ships that rode near us, we found, had cut their masts by the board, being deep laden; and our men cried out that ship which rode about mile ahead of us was foundered. Two more ships, being driven from their anchors, were run out of the Roads to sea, at all adventures, and that with not mast standing. The light ships fared the best, as not so much labouring in the sea; but two or three of them drove, and came close by us, running away with only their spritsail out before the wind. Towards evening the mate and boatswain begged the master of our ship to let them cut away the fore-mast, which he was very unwilling to do; but the boatswain protesting to him that if he did not the ship would founder, he consented; and when they had cut away the fore-mast, the main-mast stood so loose, and shook the ship so much, they were obliged to cut that away also, and make clear deck. Any one may judge what condition must be in at all this, who was but young sailor, and who had been in such fright before at but little. But if can express at this distance the thoughts had about me at that time, was in tenfold more horror of mind upon account of my former convictions, and the having returned from them to the resolutions had wickedly taken at first, than was at death itself; and these, added to the terror of the storm, put me into such condition that can by no words describe it. But the worst was not come yet; the storm continued with such fury that the seamen themselves acknowledged they had never seen worse. We had good ship, but she was deep laden, and wallowed in the sea, so that the seamen every now and then cried out she would founder. It was my advantage in one respect, that did not know what they meant by FOUNDER till inquired. However, the storm was so violent that saw, what is not often seen, the master, the boatswain, and some others more sensible than the rest, at their prayers, and expecting every moment when the ship would go to the bottom. In the middle of the night, and under all the rest of our distresses, one of the men that had been down to see cried out we had sprung leak; another said there was four feet water in the hold. Then all hands were called to the pump. At that word, my heart, as thought, died within me: and fell backwards upon the side of my bed where sat, into the cabin. However, the men roused me, and told me that I, that was able to do nothing before, was as well able to pump as another; at which stirred up and went to the pump, and worked very heartily. While this was doing the master, seeing some light colliers, who, not able to ride out the storm were obliged to slip and run away to sea, and would come near us, ordered to fire gun as signal of distress. I, who knew nothing what they meant, thought the ship had broken, or some dreadful thing happened. In word, was so surprised that fell down in swoon. As this was time when everybody had his own life to think of, nobody minded me, or what was become of me; but another man stepped up to the pump, and thrusting me aside with his foot, let me lie, thinking had been dead; and it was great while before came to myself. We worked on; but the water increasing in the hold, it was apparent that the ship would founder; and though the storm began to abate little, yet it was not possible she could swim till we might run into any port; so the master continued firing guns for help; and light ship, who had rid it out just ahead of us, ventured boat out to help us. It was with the utmost hazard the boat came near us; but it was impossible for us to get on board, or for the boat to lie near the ship side, till at last the men rowing very heartily, and venturing their lives to save ours, our men cast them rope over the stern with buoy to it, and then veered it out great length, which they, after much labour and hazard, took hold of, and we hauled them close under our stern, and got all into their boat. It was to no purpose for them or us, after we were in the boat, to think of reaching their own ship; so all agreed to let her drive, and only to pull her in towards shore as much as we could; and our master promised them, that if the boat was staved upon shore, he would make it good to their master: so partly rowing and partly driving, our boat went away to the northward, sloping towards the shore almost as far as Winterton Ness. We were not much more than quarter of an hour out of our ship till we saw her sink, and then understood for the first time what was meant by ship foundering in the sea. must acknowledge had hardly eyes to look up when the seamen told me she was sinking; for from the moment that they rather put me into the boat than that might be said to go in, my heart was, as it were, dead within me, partly with fright, partly with horror of mind, and the thoughts of what was yet before me. While we were in this condition the men yet labouring at the oar to bring the boat near the shore we could see (when, our boat mounting the waves, we were able to see the shore) great many people running along the strand to assist us when we should come near; but we made but slow way towards the shore; nor were we able to reach the shore till, being past the lighthouse at Winterton, the shore falls off to the westward towards Cromer, and so the land broke off little the violence of the wind. Here we got in, and though not without much difficulty, got all safe on shore, and walked afterwards on foot to Yarmouth, where, as unfortunate men, we were used with great humanity, as well by the magistrates of the town, who assigned us good quarters, as by particular merchants and owners of ships, and had money given us sufficient to carry us either to London or back to Hull as we thought fit. Had now had the sense to have gone back to Hull, and have gone home, had been happy, and my father, as in our blessed Saviour parable, had even killed the fatted calf for me; for hearing the ship went away in was cast away in Yarmouth Roads, it was great while before he had any assurances that was not drowned. But my ill fate pushed me on now with an obstinacy that nothing could resist; and though had several times loud calls from my reason and my more composed judgment to go home, yet had no power to do it. know not what to call this, nor will urge that it is secret overruling decree, that hurries us on to be the instruments of our own destruction, even though it be before us, and that we rush upon it with our eyes open. Certainly, nothing but some such decreed unavoidable misery, which it was impossible for me to escape, could have pushed me forward against the calm reasonings and persuasions of my most retired thoughts, and against two such visible instructions as had met with in my first attempt. My comrade, who had helped to harden me before, and who was the master son, was now less forward than I. The first time he spoke to me after we were at Yarmouth, which was not till two or three days, for we were separated in the town to several quarters; say, the first time he saw me, it appeared his tone was altered; and, looking very melancholy, and shaking his head, he asked me how did, and telling his father who was, and how had come this voyage only for trial, in order to go further abroad, his father, turning to me with very grave and concerned tone Young man, says he, you ought never to go to sea any more; you ought to take this for plain and visible token that you are not to be seafaring man. Why, sir, said I, will you go to sea no more? That is another case, said he; it is my calling, and therefore my duty; but as you made this voyage on trial, you see what taste Heaven has given you of what you are to expect if you persist. Perhaps this has all befallen us on your account, like Jonah in the ship of Tarshish. Pray, continues he, what are you; and on what account did you go to sea? Upon that told him some of my story; at the end of which he burst out into strange kind of passion: What had done, says he, that such an unhappy wretch should come into my ship? would not set my foot in the same ship with thee again for thousand pounds. This indeed was, as said, an excursion of his spirits, which were yet agitated by the sense of his loss, and was farther than he could have authority to go. However, he afterwards talked very gravely to me, exhorting me to go back to my father, and not tempt Providence to my ruin, telling me might see visible hand of Heaven against me. And, young man, said he, depend upon it, if you do not go back, wherever you go, you will meet with nothing but disasters and disappointments, till your father words are fulfilled upon you. We parted soon after; for made him little answer, and saw him no more; which way he went knew not. As for me, having some money in my pocket, travelled to London by land; and there, as well as on the road, had many struggles with myself what course of life should take, and whether should go home or to sea. As to going home, shame opposed the best motions that offered to my thoughts, and it immediately occurred to me how should be laughed at among the neighbours, and should be ashamed to see, not my father and mother only, but even everybody else; from whence have since often observed, how incongruous and irrational the common temper of mankind is, especially of youth, to that reason which ought to guide them in such cases viz. that they are not ashamed to sin, and yet are ashamed to repent; not ashamed of the action for which they ought justly to be esteemed fools, but are ashamed of the returning, which only can make them be esteemed wise men. In this state of life, however, remained some time, uncertain what measures to take, and what course of life to lead. An irresistible reluctance continued to going home; and as stayed away while, the remembrance of the distress had been in wore off, and as that abated, the little motion had in my desires to return wore off with it, till at last quite laid aside the thoughts of it, and looked out for voyage. Chapter 2 Slavery and Escape That evil influence which carried me first away from my father house which hurried me into the wild and indigested notion of raising my fortune, and that impressed those conceits so forcibly upon me as to make me deaf to all good advice, and to the entreaties and even the commands of my father I say, the same influence, whatever it was, presented the most unfortunate of all enterprises to my view; and went on board vessel bound to the coast of Africa; or, as our sailors vulgarly called it, voyage to Guinea. It was my great misfortune that in all these adventures did not ship myself as sailor; when, though might indeed have worked little harder than ordinary, yet at the same time should have learnt the duty and office of fore-mast man, and in time might have qualified myself for mate or lieutenant, if not for master. But as it was always my fate to choose for the worse, so did here; for having money in my pocket and good clothes upon my back, would always go on board in the habit of gentleman; and so neither had any business in the ship, nor learned to do any. It was my lot first of all to fall into pretty good company in London, which does not always happen to such loose and misguided young fellows as then was; the devil generally not omitting to lay some snare for them very early; but it was not so with me. first got acquainted with the master of ship who had been on the coast of Guinea; and who, having had very good success there, was resolved to go again. This captain taking fancy to my conversation, which was not at all disagreeable at that time, hearing me say had mind to see the world, told me if would go the voyage with him should be at no expense; should be his messmate and his companion; and if could carry anything with me, should have all the advantage of it that the trade would admit; and perhaps might meet with some encouragement. embraced the offer; and entering into strict friendship with this captain, who was an honest, plain-dealing man, went the voyage with him, and carried small adventure with me, which, by the disinterested honesty of my friend the captain, increased very considerably; for carried about 40 pounds in such toys and trifles as the captain directed me to buy. These 40 pounds had mustered together by the assistance of some of my relations whom corresponded with; and who, believe, got my father, or at least my mother, to contribute so much as that to my first adventure. This was the only voyage which may say was successful in all my adventures, which owe to the integrity and honesty of my friend the captain; under whom also got competent knowledge of the mathematics and the rules of navigation, learned how to keep an account of the ship course, take an observation, and, in short, to understand some things that were needful to be understood by sailor; for, as he took delight to instruct me, took delight to learn; and, in word, this voyage made me both sailor and merchant; for brought home five pounds nine ounces of golddust for my adventure, which yielded me in London, at my return, almost 300 pounds; and this filled me with those aspiring thoughts which have since so completed my ruin. Yet even in this voyage had my misfortunes too; particularly, that was continually sick, being thrown into violent calenture by the excessive heat of the climate; our principal trading being upon the coast, from latitude of 15 degrees north even to the line itself. was now set up for Guinea trader; and my friend, to my great misfortune, dying soon after his arrival, resolved to go the same voyage again, and embarked in the same vessel with one who was his mate in the former voyage, and had now got the command of the ship. This was the unhappiest voyage that ever man made; for though did not carry quite 100 pounds of my new-gained wealth, so that had 200 pounds left, which had lodged with my friend widow, who was very just to me, yet fell into terrible misfortunes. The first was this: our ship making her course towards the Canary Islands, or rather between those islands and the African shore, was surprised in the grey of the morning by Turkish rover of Sallee, who gave chase to us with all the sail she could make. We crowded also as much canvas as our yards would spread, or our masts carry, to get clear; but finding the pirate gained upon us, and would certainly come up with us in few hours, we prepared to fight; our ship having twelve guns, and the rogue eighteen. About three in the afternoon he came up with us, and bringing to, by mistake, just athwart our quarter, instead of athwart our stern, as he intended, we brought eight of our guns to bear on that side, and poured in broadside upon him, which made him sheer off again, after returning our fire, and pouring in also his small shot from near two hundred men which he had on board. However, we had not man touched, all our men keeping close. He prepared to attack us again, and we to defend ourselves. But laying us on board the next time upon our other quarter, he entered sixty men upon our decks, who immediately fell to cutting and hacking the sails and rigging. We plied them with small shot, half-pikes, powder-chests, and such like, and cleared our deck of them twice. However, to cut short this melancholy part of our story, our ship being disabled, and three of our men killed, and eight wounded, we were obliged to yield, and were carried all prisoners into Sallee, port belonging to the Moors. The usage had there was not so dreadful as at first apprehended; nor was carried up the country to the emperor court, as the rest of our men were, but was kept by the captain of the rover as his proper prize, and made his slave, being young and nimble, and fit for his business. At this surprising change of my circumstances, from merchant to miserable slave, was perfectly overwhelmed; and now looked back upon my father prophetic discourse to me, that should be miserable and have none to relieve me, which thought was now so effectually brought to pass that could not be worse; for now the hand of Heaven had overtaken me, and was undone without redemption; but, alas! this was but taste of the misery was to go through, as will appear in the sequel of this story. As my new patron, or master, had taken me home to his house, so was in hopes that he would take me with him when he went to sea again, believing that it would some time or other be his fate to be taken by Spanish or Portugal man-of-war; and that then should be set at liberty. But this hope of mine was soon taken away; for when he went to sea, he left me on shore to look after his little garden, and do the common drudgery of slaves about his house; and when he came home again from his cruise, he ordered me to lie in the cabin to look after the ship. Here meditated nothing but my escape, and what method might take to effect it, but found no way that had the least probability in it; nothing presented to make the supposition of it rational; for had nobody to communicate it to that would embark with me no fellow-slave, no Englishman, Irishman, or Scotchman there but myself; so that for two years, though often pleased myself with the imagination, yet never had the least encouraging prospect of putting it in practice. After about two years, an odd circumstance presented itself, which put the old thought of making some attempt for my liberty again in my head. My patron lying at home longer than usual without fitting out his ship, which, as heard, was for want of money, he used constantly, once or twice week, sometimes oftener if the weather was fair, to take the ship pinnace and go out into the road a- fishing; and as he always took me and young Maresco with him to row the boat, we made him very merry, and proved very dexterous in catching fish; insomuch that sometimes he would send me with Moor, one of his kinsmen, and the youth the Maresco, as they called him to catch dish of fish for him. It happened one time, that going a-fishing in calm morning, fog rose so thick that, though we were not half league from the shore, we lost sight of it; and rowing we knew not whither or which way, we laboured all day, and all the next night; and when the morning came we found we had pulled off to sea instead of pulling in for the shore; and that we were at least two leagues from the shore. However, we got well in again, though with great deal of labour and some danger; for the wind began to blow pretty fresh in the morning; but we were all very hungry. But our patron, warned by this disaster, resolved to take more care of himself for the future; and having lying by him the longboat of our English ship that he had taken, he resolved he would not go a- fishing any more without compass and some provision; so he ordered the carpenter of his ship, who also was an English slave, to build little state-room, or cabin, in the middle of the long- boat, like that of barge, with place to stand behind it to steer, and haul home the main-sheet; the room before for hand or two to stand and work the sails. She sailed with what we call shoulderof-mutton sail; and the boom jibed over the top of the cabin, which lay very snug and low, and had in it room for him to lie, with slave or two, and table to eat on, with some small lockers to put in some bottles of such liquor as he thought fit to drink; and his bread, rice, and coffee. We went frequently out with this boat a-fishing; and as was most dexterous to catch fish for him, he never went without me. It happened that he had appointed to go out in this boat, either for pleasure or for fish, with two or three Moors of some distinction in that place, and for whom he had provided extraordinarily, and had, therefore, sent on board the boat overnight larger store of provisions than ordinary; and had ordered me to get ready three fusees with powder and shot, which were on board his ship, for that they designed some sport of fowling as well as fishing. got all things ready as he had directed, and waited the next morning with the boat washed clean, her ancient and pendants out, and everything to accommodate his guests; when by-and-by my patron came on board alone, and told me his guests had put off going from some business that fell out, and ordered me, with the man and boy, as usual, to go out with the boat and catch them some fish, for that his friends were to sup at his house, and commanded that as soon as got some fish should bring it home to his house; all which prepared to do. This moment my former notions of deliverance darted into my thoughts, for now found was likely to have little ship at my command; and my master being gone, prepared to furnish myself, not for fishing business, but for voyage; though knew not, neither did so much as consider, whither should steer anywhere to get out of that place was my desire. My first contrivance was to make pretence to speak to this Moor, to get something for our subsistence on board; for told him we must not presume to eat of our patron bread. He said that was true; so he brought large basket of rusk or biscuit, and three jars of fresh water, into the boat. knew where my patron case of bottles stood, which it was evident, by the make, were taken out of some English prize, and conveyed them into the boat while the Moor was on shore, as if they had been there before for our master. conveyed also great lump of beeswax into the boat, which weighed about half hundred-weight, with parcel of twine or thread, hatchet, saw, and hammer, all of which were of great use to us afterwards, especially the wax, to make candles. Another trick tried upon him, which he innocently came into also: his name was Ismael, which they call Muley, or Moely; so called to him Moely, said I, our patron guns are on board the boat; can you not get little powder and shot? It may be we may kill some alcamies (a fowl like our curlews) for ourselves, for know he keeps the gunner stores in the ship. Yes, says he, Ill bring some; and accordingly he brought great leather pouch, which held pound and half of powder, or rather more; and another with shot, that had five or six pounds, with some bullets, and put all into the boat. At the same time had found some powder of my master in the great cabin, with which filled one of the large bottles in the case, which was almost empty, pouring what was in it into another; and thus furnished with everything needful, we sailed out of the port to fish. The castle, which is at the entrance of the port, knew who we were, and took no notice of us; and we were not above mile out of the port before we hauled in our sail and set us down to fish. The wind blew from the N.N.E., which was contrary to my desire, for had it blown southerly had been sure to have made the coast of Spain, and at least reached to the bay of Cadiz; but my resolutions were, blow which way it would, would be gone from that horrid place where was, and leave the rest to fate. After we had fished some time and caught nothing for when had fish on my hook would not pull them up, that he might not see them I said to the Moor, This will not do; our master will not be thus served; we must stand farther off. He, thinking no harm, agreed, and being in the head of the boat, set the sails; and, as had the helm, ran the boat out near league farther, and then brought her to, as if would fish; when, giving the boy the helm, stepped forward to where the Moor was, and making as if stooped for something behind him, took him by surprise with my arm under his waist, and tossed him clear overboard into the sea. He rose immediately, for he swam like cork, and called to me, begged to be taken in, told me he would go all over the world with me. He swam so strong after the boat that he would have reached me very quickly, there being but little wind; upon which stepped into the cabin, and fetching one of the fowling-pieces, presented it at him, and told him had done him no hurt, and if he would be quiet would do him none. But, said I, you swim well enough to reach to the shore, and the sea is calm; make the best of your way to shore, and will do you no harm; but if you come near the boat Ill shoot you through the head, for am resolved to have my liberty; so he turned himself about, and swam for the shore, and make no doubt but he reached it with ease, for he was an excellent swimmer. could have been content to have taken this Moor with me, and have drowned the boy, but there was no venturing to trust him. When he was gone, turned to the boy, whom they called Xury, and said to him, Xury, if you will be faithful to me, Ill make you great man; but if you will not stroke your face to be true to me that is, swear by Mahomet and his father beard I must throw you into the sea too. The boy smiled in my face, and spoke so innocently that could not distrust him, and swore to be faithful to me, and go all over the world with me. While was in view of the Moor that was swimming, stood out directly to sea with the boat, rather stretching to windward, that they might think me gone towards the Straits mouth (as indeed any one that had been in their wits must have been supposed to do): for who would have supposed we were sailed on to the southward, to the truly Barbarian coast, where whole nations of negroes were sure to surround us with their canoes and destroy us; where we could not go on shore but we should be devoured by savage beasts, or more merciless savages of human kind. But as soon as it grew dusk in the evening, changed my course, and steered directly south and by east, bending my course little towards the east, that might keep in with the shore; and having fair, fresh gale of wind, and smooth, quiet sea, made such sail that believe by the next day, at three oclock in the afternoon, when first made the land, could not be less than one hundred and fifty miles south of Sallee; quite beyond the Emperor of Morocco dominions, or indeed of any other king thereabouts, for we saw no people. Yet such was the fright had taken of the Moors, and the dreadful apprehensions had of falling into their hands, that would not stop, or go on shore, or come to an anchor; the wind continuing fair till had sailed in that manner five days; and then the wind shifting to the southward, concluded also that if any of our vessels were in chase of me, they also would now give over; so ventured to make to the coast, and came to an anchor in the mouth of little river, knew not what, nor where, neither what latitude, what country, what nation, or what river. neither saw, nor desired to see any people; the principal thing wanted was fresh water. We came into this creek in the evening, resolving to swim on shore as soon as it was dark, and discover the country; but as soon as it was quite dark, we heard such dreadful noises of the barking, roaring, and howling of wild creatures, of we knew not what kinds, that the poor boy was ready to die with fear, and begged of me not to go on shore till day. Well, Xury, said I, then wont; but it may be that we may see men by day, who will be as bad to us as those lions. Then we give them the shoot gun, says Xury, laughing, make them run wey. Such English Xury spoke by conversing among us slaves. However, was glad to see the boy so cheerful, and gave him dram (out of our patron case of bottles) to cheer him up. After all, Xury advice was good, and took it; we dropped our little anchor, and lay still all night; say still, for we slept none; for in two or three hours we saw vast great creatures (we knew not what to call them) of many sorts, come down to the sea-shore and run into the water, wallowing and washing themselves for the pleasure of cooling themselves; and they made such hideous howlings and yellings, that never indeed heard the like. Xury was dreadfully frighted, and indeed so was too; but we were both more frighted when we heard one of these mighty creatures come swimming towards our boat; we could not see him, but we might hear him by his blowing to be monstrous huge and furious beast. Xury said it was lion, and it might be so for aught know; but poor Xury cried to me to weigh the anchor and row away; No, says I, Xury; we can slip our cable, with the buoy to it, and go off to sea; they cannot follow us far. had no sooner said so, but perceived the creature (whatever it was) within two oars length, which something surprised me; however, immediately stepped to the cabin door, and taking up my gun, fired at him; upon which he immediately turned about and swam towards the shore again. But it is impossible to describe the horrid noises, and hideous cries and howlings that were raised, as well upon the edge of the shore as higher within the country, upon the noise or report of the gun, thing have some reason to believe those creatures had never heard before: this convinced me that there was no going on shore for us in the night on that coast, and how to venture on shore in the day was another question too; for to have fallen into the hands of any of the savages had been as bad as to have fallen into the hands of the lions and tigers; at least we were equally apprehensive of the danger of it. Be that as it would, we were obliged to go on shore somewhere or other for water, for we had not pint left in the boat; when and where to get to it was the point. Xury said, if would let him go on shore with one of the jars, he would find if there was any water, and bring some to me. asked him why he would go? why should not go, and he stay in the boat? The boy answered with so much affection as made me love him ever after. Says he, If wild mans come, they eat me, you go wey. Well, Xury, said I, we will both go and if the wild mans come, we will kill them, they shall eat neither of us. So gave Xury piece of rusk bread to eat, and dram out of our patron case of bottles which mentioned before; and we hauled the boat in as near the shore as we thought was proper, and so waded on shore, carrying nothing but our arms and two jars for water. did not care to go out of sight of the boat, fearing the coming of canoes with savages down the river; but the boy seeing low place about mile up the country, rambled to it, and by-and-by saw him come running towards me. thought he was pursued by some savage, or frighted with some wild beast, and ran forward towards him to help him; but when came nearer to him saw something hanging over his shoulders, which was creature that he had shot, like hare, but different in colour, and longer legs; however, we were very glad of it, and it was very good meat; but the great joy that poor Xury came with, was to tell me he had found good water and seen no wild mans. But we found afterwards that we need not take such pains for water, for little higher up the creek where we were we found the water fresh when the tide was out, which flowed but little way up; so we filled our jars, and feasted on the hare he had killed, and prepared to go on our way, having seen no footsteps of any human creature in that part of the country. As had been one voyage to this coast before, knew very well that the islands of the Canaries, and the Cape de Verde Islands also, lay not far off from the coast. But as had no instruments to take an observation to know what latitude we were in, and not exactly knowing, or at least remembering, what latitude they were in, knew not where to look for them, or when to stand off to sea towards them; otherwise might now easily have found some of these islands. But my hope was, that if stood along this coast till came to that part where the English traded, should find some of their vessels upon their usual design of trade, that would relieve and take us in. By the best of my calculation, that place where now was must be that country which, lying between the Emperor of Morocco dominions and the negroes, lies waste and uninhabited, except by wild beasts; the negroes having abandoned it and gone farther south for fear of the Moors, and the Moors not thinking it worth inhabiting by reason of its barrenness; and indeed, both forsaking it because of the prodigious number of tigers, lions, leopards, and other furious creatures which harbour there; so that the Moors use it for their hunting only, where they go like an army, two or three thousand men at time; and indeed for near hundred miles together upon this coast we saw nothing but waste, uninhabited country by day, and heard nothing but howlings and roaring of wild beasts by night. Once or twice in the daytime thought saw the Pico of Teneriffe, being the high top of the Mountain Teneriffe in the Canaries, and had great mind to venture out, in hopes of reaching thither; but having tried twice, was forced in again by contrary winds, the sea also going too high for my little vessel; so, resolved to pursue my first design, and keep along the shore. Several times was obliged to land for fresh water, after we had left this place; and once in particular, being early in morning, we came to an anchor under little point of land, which was pretty high; and the tide beginning to flow, we lay still to go farther in. Xury, whose eyes were more about him than it seems mine were, calls softly to me, and tells me that we had best go farther off the shore; For, says he, look, yonder lies dreadful monster on the side of that hillock, fast asleep. looked where he pointed, and saw dreadful monster indeed, for it was terrible, great lion that lay on the side of the shore, under the shade of piece of the hill that hung as it were little over him. Xury, says I, you shall on shore and kill him. Xury, looked frighted, and said, Me kill! he eat me at one mouth! one mouthful he meant. However, said no more to the boy, but bade him lie still, and took our biggest gun, which was almost musket-bore, and loaded it with good charge of powder, and with two slugs, and laid it down; then loaded another gun with two bullets; and the third (for we had three pieces) loaded with five smaller bullets. took the best aim could with the first piece to have shot him in the head, but he lay so with his leg raised little above his nose, that the slugs hit his leg about the knee and broke the bone. He started up, growling at first, but finding his leg broken, fell down again; and then got upon three legs, and gave the most hideous roar that ever heard. was little surprised that had not hit him on the head; however, took up the second piece immediately, and though he began to move off, fired again, and shot him in the head, and had the pleasure to see him drop and make but little noise, but lie struggling for life. Then Xury took heart, and would have me let him go on shore. Well, go, said I: so the boy jumped into the water and taking little gun in one hand, swam to shore with the other hand, and coming close to the creature, put the muzzle of the piece to his ear, and shot him in the head again, which despatched him quite. This was game indeed to us, but this was no food; and was very sorry to lose three charges of powder and shot upon creature that was good for nothing to us. However, Xury said he would have some of him; so he comes on board, and asked me to give him the hatchet. For what, Xury? said I. Me cut off his head, said he. However, Xury could not cut off his head, but he cut off foot, and brought it with him, and it was monstrous great one. bethought myself, however, that, perhaps the skin of him might, one way or other, be of some value to us; and resolved to take off his skin if could. So Xury and went to work with him; but Xury was much the better workman at it, for knew very ill how to do it. Indeed, it took us both up the whole day, but at last we got off the hide of him, and spreading it on the top of our cabin, the sun effectually dried it in two days time, and it afterwards served me to lie upon. Chapter 3 Wrecked on Desert Island After this stop, we made on to the southward continually for ten or twelve days, living very sparingly on our provisions, which began to abate very much, and going no oftener to the shore than we were obliged to for fresh water. My design in this was to make the river Gambia or Senegal, that is to say anywhere about the Cape de Verde, where was in hopes to meet with some European ship; and if did not, knew not what course had to take, but to seek for the islands, or perish there among the negroes. knew that all the ships from Europe, which sailed either to the coast of Guinea or to Brazil, or to the East Indies, made this cape, or those islands; and, in word, put the whole of my fortune upon this single point, either that must meet with some ship or must perish. When had pursued this resolution about ten days longer, as have said, began to see that the land was inhabited; and in two or three places, as we sailed by, we saw people stand upon the shore to look at us; we could also perceive they were quite black and naked. was once inclined to have gone on shore to them; but Xury was my better counsellor, and said to me, No go, no go. However, hauled in nearer the shore that might talk to them, and found they ran along the shore by me good way. observed they had no weapons in their hand, except one, who had long slender stick, which Xury said was lance, and that they could throw them great way with good aim; so kept at distance, but talked with them by signs as well as could; and particularly made signs for something to eat: they beckoned to me to stop my boat, and they would fetch me some meat. Upon this lowered the top of my sail and lay by, and two of them ran up into the country, and in less than half-an- hour came back, and brought with them two pieces of dried flesh and some corn, such as is the produce of their country; but we neither knew what the one or the other was; however, we were willing to accept it, but how to come at it was our next dispute, for would not venture on shore to them, and they were as much afraid of us; but they took safe way for us all, for they brought it to the shore and laid it down, and went and stood great way off till we fetched it on board, and then came close to us again. We made signs of thanks to them, for we had nothing to make them amends; but an opportunity offered that very instant to oblige them wonderfully; for while we were lying by the shore came two mighty creatures, one pursuing the other (as we took it) with great fury from the mountains towards the sea; whether it was the male pursuing the female, or whether they were in sport or in rage, we could not tell, any more than we could tell whether it was usual or strange, but believe it was the latter; because, in the first place, those ravenous creatures seldom appear but in the night; and, in the second place, we found the people terribly frighted, especially the women. The man that had the lance or dart did not fly from them, but the rest did; however, as the two creatures ran directly into the water, they did not offer to fall upon any of the negroes, but plunged themselves into the sea, and swam about, as if they had come for their diversion; at last one of them began to come nearer our boat than at first expected; but lay ready for him, for had loaded my gun with all possible expedition, and bade Xury load both the others. As soon as he came fairly within my reach, fired, and shot him directly in the head; immediately he sank down into the water, but rose instantly, and plunged up and down, as if he were struggling for life, and so indeed he was; he immediately made to the shore; but between the wound, which was his mortal hurt, and the strangling of the water, he died just before he reached the shore. It is impossible to express the astonishment of these poor creatures at the noise and fire of my gun: some of them were even ready to die for fear, and fell down as dead with the very terror; but when they saw the creature dead, and sunk in the water, and that made signs to them to come to the shore, they took heart and came, and began to search for the creature. found him by his blood staining the water; and by the help of rope, which slung round him, and gave the negroes to haul, they dragged him on shore, and found that it was most curious leopard, spotted, and fine to an admirable degree; and the negroes held up their hands with admiration, to think what it was had killed him with. The other creature, frighted with the flash of fire and the noise of the gun, swam on shore, and ran up directly to the mountains from whence they came; nor could I, at that distance, know what it was. found quickly the negroes wished to eat the flesh of this creature, so was willing to have them take it as favour from me; which, when made signs to them that they might take him, they were very thankful for. Immediately they fell to work with him; and though they had no knife, yet, with sharpened piece of wood, they took off his skin as readily, and much more readily, than we could have done with knife. They offered me some of the flesh, which declined, pointing out that would give it them; but made signs for the skin, which they gave me very freely, and brought me great deal more of their provisions, which, though did not understand, yet accepted. then made signs to them for some water, and held out one of my jars to them, turning it bottom upward, to show that it was empty, and that wanted to have it filled. They called immediately to some of their friends, and there came two women, and brought great vessel made of earth, and burnt, as supposed, in the sun, this they set down to me, as before, and sent Xury on shore with my jars, and filled them all three. The women were as naked as the men. was now furnished with roots and corn, such as it was, and water; and leaving my friendly negroes, made forward for about eleven days more, without offering to go near the shore, till saw the land run out great length into the sea, at about the distance of four or five leagues before me; and the sea being very calm, kept large offing to make this point. At length, doubling the point, at about two leagues from the land, saw plainly land on the other side, to seaward; then concluded, as it was most certain indeed, that this was the Cape de Verde, and those the islands called, from thence, Cape de Verde Islands. However, they were at great distance, and could not well tell what had best to do; for if should be taken with fresh of wind, might neither reach one or other. In this dilemma, as was very pensive, stepped into the cabin and sat down, Xury having the helm; when, on sudden, the boy cried out, Master, master, ship with sail! and the foolish boy was frighted out of his wits, thinking it must needs be some of his master ships sent to pursue us, but knew we were far enough out of their reach. jumped out of the cabin, and immediately saw, not only the ship, but that it was Portuguese ship; and, as thought, was bound to the coast of Guinea, for negroes. But, when observed the course she steered, was soon convinced they were bound some other way, and did not design to come any nearer to the shore; upon which stretched out to sea as much as could, resolving to speak with them if possible. With all the sail could make, found should not be able to come in their way, but that they would be gone by before could make any signal to them: but after had crowded to the utmost, and began to despair, they, it seems, saw by the help of their glasses that it was some European boat, which they supposed must belong to some ship that was lost; so they shortened sail to let me come up. was encouraged with this, and as had my patron ancient on board, made waft of it to them, for signal of distress, and fired gun, both which they saw; for they told me they saw the smoke, though they did not hear the gun. Upon these signals they very kindly brought to, and lay by for me; and in about three hours; time came up with them. They asked me what was, in Portuguese, and in Spanish, and in French, but understood none of them; but at last Scotch sailor, who was on board, called to me: and answered him, and told him was an Englishman, that had made my escape out of slavery from the Moors, at Sallee; they then bade me come on board, and very kindly took me in, and all my goods. It was an inexpressible joy to me, which any one will believe, that was thus delivered, as esteemed it, from such miserable and almost hopeless condition as was in; and immediately offered all had to the captain of the ship, as return for my deliverance; but he generously told me he would take nothing from me, but that all had should be delivered safe to me when came to the Brazils. For, says he, have saved your life on no other terms than would be glad to be saved myself: and it may, one time or other, be my lot to be taken up in the same condition. Besides, said he, when carry you to the Brazils, so great way from your own country, if should take from you what you have, you will be starved there, and then only take away that life have given. No, no, says he: Seignior Inglese (Mr. Englishman), will carry you thither in charity, and those things will help to buy your subsistence there, and your passage home again. As he was charitable in this proposal, so he was just in the performance to tittle; for he ordered the seamen that none should touch anything that had: then he took everything into his own possession, and gave me back an exact inventory of them, that might have them, even to my three earthen jars. As to my boat, it was very good one; and that he saw, and told me he would buy it of me for his ship use; and asked me what would have for it? told him he had been so generous to me in everything that could not offer to make any price of the boat, but left it entirely to him: upon which he told me he would give me note of hand to pay me eighty pieces of eight for it at Brazil; and when it came there, if any one offered to give more, he would make it up. He offered me also sixty pieces of eight more for my boy Xur